Jalalabad, August The capital of Nangarhar province is taken over by the Taliban , effectively leaving the capital, Kabul, as the last major urban area under government control. The armed group has been advancing rapidly across Afghanistan seizing at least 11 provincial capitals in a week. Taliban launched a sweeping offensive across Afghanistan in early May as US-led foreign forces began final withdrawal.
Published On 11 Aug To date, 18 provincial capitals have fallen: Zaranj, August 6 : The Taliban take over the capital of Nimruz province in the south, the first provincial capital to fall to the group since it stepped up attacks on Afghan forces in early May. Afghans in Zaranj, the first provincial capital to fall to the Taliban since launching its offensive, August 7 [AFP] Sheberghan, August 7: The Taliban declare they have captured the entire northern province of Jawzjan, including its capital Sheberghan.
Government forces say they are resisting the Taliban from an army base and the airport. A man cycles past a booth with a Taliban flag in the main square of Kunduz [AFP] Taluqan, August 8: The capital of Takhar province, also in the north, falls to the Taliban in the evening.
Qala-e-Naw, August The capital of the western Badghis province is captured. More from News. Geography of the Province. The average elevation of the basin ground filled with probable Neogene and Pleistocene sediments is about 1, meters.
Having been deeply cut into the terrestrial sediments interspersed with layers of clay, marl, and sandstone, the river system carved out deep and narrow gorges difficult to pass. These ravines form considerable barriers impeding the regional traffic on the one hand, but on the other hand they played an important role in the settlement history of the region see ii, below.
The basin of Kabul is dominated by the Kabul river and a mountain range running in a northeast-southwestern direction. Beyond these hills an area of marshland extents toward the airport. An alternative route bypassing the Lataband pass runs directly through the gorge.
On its northern margins some flat-terraced undulations add a further picturesque dimension to the kaleidoscope of the basin. Besides, apricots, peaches, apples, walnuts, and pears are cultivated in numerous orchards. This region consists mainly of faulted, dissected limestone massifs with some intrusive epliolites bordered by gneisses and igneous cliffs in the east Dupree, , p.
Availability of Water in the Kabul Basin, Afghanistan. Mack, Thomas J. The availability of water resources is vital to the social and economic well being and rebuilding of Afghanistan. Kabul City currently has a population of nearly 4 million and is growing rapidly as a result of periods of relative security and the return of refugees. Population growth and recent droughts have placed new stresses on the city's limited water resources and have caused many wells to become contaminated, dry, or inoperable in recent years.
The projected vulnerability of Central and West Asia to climate change Cruz and others, ; Milly and others, and observations of diminishing glaciers in Afghanistan Molnia, have heightened concerns for future water availability in the Kabul Basin of Afghanistan.
Sustainability of water-supply at military installations, Kabul Basin, Afghanistan. The Kabul Basin, including the city of Kabul , Afghanistan , is host to several military installations of Afghanistan , the United States, and other nations that depend on groundwater resources for water supply. These installations are within or close to the city of Kabul. Groundwater also is the potable supply for the approximately four million residents of Kabul. The sustainability of water resources in the Kabul Basin is a concern to military operations, and Afghan water-resource managers, owing to increased water demands from a growing population and potential mining activities.
This study illustrates the use of chemical and isotopic analysis, groundwater flow modeling, and hydrogeologic investigations to assess the sustainability of groundwater resources in the Kabul Basin. Water supplies for military installations in the southern Kabul Basin were found to be subject to sustainability concerns, such as the potential drying of shallow-water supply wells as a result of declining water levels.
Model simulations indicate that new withdrawals from deep aquifers may have less of an impact on surrounding community water supply wells than increased withdrawals from near- surface aquifers. Higher rates of recharge in the northern Kabul Basin indicate that military installations in that part of the basin may have fewer issues with long-term water sustainability. Simulations of groundwater withdrawals may be used to evaluate different withdrawal scenarios in an effort to manage water resources in a sustainable manner in the Kabul Basin.
Water Resources Availability in Kabul , Afghanistan. Akbari, A. The availability of water resources is vital to the rebuilding of Kabul , Afghanistan. In recent years, droughts and increased water use for drinking water and agriculture have resulted in widespread drying of wells. Increasing numbers of returning refugees, rapid population growth, and potential climate change have led to heightened concerns for future water availability. The U. Geological Survey, with support from the U. Agency for International Development, began collaboration with the Afghanistan Geological Survey and Ministry of Energy and Water on water-resource investigations in the Kabul Basin in This has led to the compilation of historic and recent water- resources data, creation of monitoring networks, analyses of geologic, geophysical, and remotely sensed data.
The study presented herein provides an assessment of ground-water availability through the use of multidisciplinary hydrogeologic data analysis. Data elements include population density, climate, snowpack, geology, mineralogy, surface water, ground water, water quality, isotopic information, and water use. Data were integrated through the use of conceptual ground-water-flow model analysis and provide information necessary to make improved water-resource planning and management decisions in the Kabul Basin.
Ground water is currently obtained from a shallow, less than m thick, highly productive aquifer. CFC, tritium, and stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopic analyses indicate that most water in the shallow aquifer appears to be recharged post by snowmelt-supplied river leakage and secondarily by late winter precipitation.
Analyses indicate that increasing withdrawals are likely to result in declining water levels and may cause more than 50 percent of shallow supply wells to become dry or inoperative particularly in urbanized areas.
The water quality in the shallow aquifer is deteriorated in urban areas by poor sanitation and water availability concerns may be compounded by poor well. This study explores the representation of women in computer science at the tertiary level through data collected about undergraduate computer science education at Kabul University in Afghanistan.
Previous studies have theorized reasons for underrepresentation of women in computer science, and while many of these reasons are indeed present in…. Current status of intestinal parasitic infections among inhabitants of the Ghazni and Parwan provinces , Afghanistan. Directory of Open Access Journals Sweden.
Full Text Available Background. The prevalence rates of food- and waterborne parasitic infections in Afghanistan are unknown. Cases of invasive diseases found in Afghans are rarely laboratory-confirmed. The aim of the study was to present the current status of intestinal parasitic infections in Afghan inhabitants on the example of patients hospitalized in two healthcare facilities in eastern Afghanistan.
Material and methods. Fecal samples were collected from patients children aged 1—17 years and adults with internal complaints, treated in Ghazni Provincial Hospital Afghan civilian medical center, Ghazni province , south-west of Kabul and in Bagram Korean Hospital Korean military medical center for Afghan patients, Parwan province , 60 km north of Kabul between and The rates of intestinal parasitic infections among Afghans are high.
The wide range of the detected parasites protozoa, nematodes, cestodes should result in the introduction of general screening to be conducted regularly among inhabitants of Afghanistan and the application of targeted antiparasitic chemotherapy aiming to eliminate intestinal helminths and protozoa from the local community.
Groundwater-level trends and implications for sustainable water use in the Kabul Basin, Afghanistan. The Kabul Basin, which includes the city of Kabul , Afghanistan , with a population of approximately 4 million, has several Afghan, United States, and international military installations that depend on groundwater resources for a potable water supply.
This study examined groundwater levels in the Kabul Basin from to Groundwater levels have increased slightly in rural areas of the Kabul Basin as a result of normal precipitation after the drought of the early s.
However, groundwater levels have decreased in the city of Kabul due to increasing water use in an area with limited recharge. The rate of groundwater-level decrease in the city is greater for the — period 1. The analysis, which is corroborated by groundwater-flow modeling and a non-governmental organization decision-support model, identified groundwater-level decreases and associated implications for groundwater sustainability in the city of Kabul.
Military installations in the city of Kabul the Central Kabul subbasin are likely to face water management challenges resulting from long-term groundwater sustainability concerns, such as the potential drying of shallow water-supply wells. Installations in the northern part of the Kabul Basin may have fewer issues with long-term water sustainability. Groundwater-level monitoring and groundwater-flow simulation can be valuable tools for assessing groundwater management options to improve the sustainability of water resources in the Kabul Basin.
Factors influencing the retention of midwives in the public sector in Afghanistan : a qualitative assessment of midwives in eight provinces. Overall, appropriate selection is the key to ensuring deployment and retention later on in a midwife's career.
Other factors that affect retention of midwives include civil security concerns in rural areas, support of family and community, salary levels, professional development opportunities and workplace support, and inefficient human resources planning in the public sector. Factors affecting midwife retention are linked to problems within the community midwifery education CME programme and those reflecting the wider Afghan context.
Civil insecurity and traditional attitudes towards women were major factors identified that negatively affect midwifery retention. Factors such as civil insecurity and traditional attitudes towards women require a multisectoral response and innovative strategies to reduce their impact. However, factors inherent to midwife career development also impact retention and may be more readily modified. All rights reserved.
Conceptual model of water resources in the Kabul Basin, Afghanistan. Amin; Ashoor, M. Hanif; Chornack, Michael P. Taher; Senay, Gabriel B. The United States U. This collaborative investigation compiled, to the extent possible in a war-stricken country, a varied hydrogeologic data set and developed limited data-collection networks to assist with the management of water resources in the Kabul Basin.
This report presents the results of a multidisciplinary water-resources assessment conducted between and to address questions of future water availability for a growing population and of the potential effects of climate change. Most hydrologic and climatic data-collection activities in Afghanistan were interrupted in the early s as a consequence of war and civil strife and did not resume until or later. Because of the gap of more than 20 years in the record of hydrologic and climatic observations, this investigation has made considerable use of remotely sensed data and, where available, historical records to investigate the water resources of the Kabul Basin.
Specifically, this investigation integrated recently acquired remotely sensed data and satellite imagery, including glacier and climatic data; recent climate-change analyses; recent geologic investigations; analysis of streamflow data; groundwater-level analysis; surface-water- and groundwater-quality data, including data on chemical and isotopic environmental tracers; and estimates of public-supply and agricultural water uses. The data and analyses were integrated by using a simplified groundwater-flow model to test the conceptual model of the hydrologic system and to assess current and future water availability.
Recharge in the basin is spatially and temporally variable and generally occurs near streams and irrigated areas in the late winter and early. Urban displaced youth in Kabul. Full Text Available Displaced young people in Kabul are waiting to see what the coming year brings for Afghanistan before making a decision as whether to move on again. This provides a window of opportunity to develop youth-sensitive programming. Consanguineous marriages in Afghanistan. The present cross-sectional study was done in order to illustrate the prevalence and types of consanguineous marriages among Afghanistan populations.
Data on types of marriages were collected using a simple questionnaire. The total number of couples in the study was from the following provinces : Badakhshan, Baghlan, Balkh, Bamyan, Kabul , Kunduz, Samangan and Takhar. Consanguineous marriages were classified by the degree of relationship between couples: double first cousins, first cousins, first cousins once removed, second cousins and beyond second cousins.
The proportion of consanguineous marriages in the country was There were significant differences between provinces for frequencies of different types of marriages pconsanguineous marriages, followed by double first cousin 6. Estimated monthly streamflows for selected locations on the Kabul and Logar Rivers, Aynak copper, cobalt, and chromium area of interest, Afghanistan , Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U. Department of Defense Task Force for Business and Stability Operations, used the stochastic monthly water-balance model and existing climate data to estimate monthly streamflows for — for selected streamgaging stations located within the Aynak copper, cobalt, and chromium area of interest in Afghanistan.
The model used physically based, nondeterministic methods to estimate the monthly volumetric water-balance components of a watershed. A comparison of estimated and recorded monthly streamflows for the streamgaging stations Kabul River at Maidan and Kabul River at Tangi-Saidan indicated that the stochastic water-balance model was able to provide satisfactory estimates of monthly streamflows for high-flow months and low-flow months even though withdrawals for irrigation likely occurred.
A comparison of estimated and recorded monthly streamflows for the streamgaging stations Logar River at Shekhabad and Logar River at Sangi-Naweshta also indicated that the stochastic water-balance model was able to provide reasonable estimates of monthly streamflows for the high-flow months; however, for the upstream streamgaging station, the model overestimated monthly streamflows during periods when summer irrigation withdrawals likely occurred.
Results from the stochastic water-balance model indicate that the model should be able to produce satisfactory estimates of monthly streamflows for locations along the Kabul and Logar Rivers. This information could be used by Afghanistan authorities to make decisions about surface-water resources for the Aynak copper, cobalt, and chromium area of interest. Prevalence of and factors influencing posttraumatic stress disorder among mothers of children under five in Kabul , Afghanistan , after decades of armed conflicts.
Full Text Available Abstract Background In the period following wars and other forms of armed conflict, health and quality of life of mothers is a major concern as they have the closest contact with children. The present study was performed to examine the impact of exposure to events related to armed conflicts on post traumatic stress disorder PTSD among women raising children, and to identify factors that alleviate the negative consequences of exposure to traumatic events.
Methods A structured interview survey was conducted in Kabul Province , Afghanistan , in The subjects were the mothers of children less than 5 years old randomly selected from households in Kabul Province , Afghanistan. Exposure to traumatic events related to armed conflict, experience of hardship with regard to basic needs, resources that the subjects seek for mental health support, and socioeconomic variables were evaluated.
Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the association between PTSD symptoms and predictor variables. The most prevalent symptom was arousal The prevalence rate of PTSD symptoms among subjects who reported having experienced at least one event related to armed conflict Experience of food shortage was independently associated with PTSD.
Seeking support for mental health was related to lower prevalence of PTSD symptoms among those who reported no direct experience of events related to armed conflict. However, no such relationship was observed with PTSD symptoms among those who reported having direct experience of events related to armed conflict.
Conclusion Direct. Approaching gender parity: Women in computer science at Afghanistan 's Kabul University. Previous studies have theorized reasons for underrepresentation of women in computer science, and while many of these reasons are indeed present in Afghanistan , they appear to hinder advancement to degree to a lesser extent.
This mixed methods study of KU was conducted in the following three stages: setting up focus groups with women computer science students, distributing surveys to all students in the CS department, and conducting a series of 22 individual interviews with fourth year CS students.
The retention of women in STEM through the education pipeline has several characteristics in Afghanistan that differ from countries often studied in available literature. Few Afghan students have computers in their home and few have training beyond secretarial applications before considering studying CS at university.
University students in Afghanistan are selected based on placement exams and are then assigned to an area of study, and financially supported throughout their academic career, resulting in a low attrition rate. This study created a tool to assess accessibility and quality of care of women admitted from May to July, A item questionnaire was created in English and translated into Dari.
Hospital staff administered the survey to women admitted to RBH for obstetric and gynecological complaints. About one-third of women reported that they had never received an immunization.
This survey tool ascertained that women who received care at RBH traveled great lengths to reach the facility. Preventative measures such as blood pressure checks and immunizations are areas that need improvement.
Geologic map of Kundelan ore deposits and prospects, Zabul Province , Afghanistan ; modified from the original map compilations of K. Litvinenko and others. This map and cross sections are redrafted modified versions of the Geological map of the Kundelan ore deposit area, scale , graphical supplement no. The unpublished Soviet report was prepared in cooperation with the Ministry of Mines and Industries of the Royal Government of Afghanistan in Kabul during This redrafted map and cross sections illustrate the geology of the main Kundelan copper-gold skarn deposit, located within the Kundelan copper and gold area of interest AOI , Zabul Province , Afghanistan.
Areas of interest AOIs of non-fuel mineral resources within Afghanistan were first described and defined by Peters and others and later by the work of Peters and others a. The location of the main Kundelan copper-gold skarn deposit area of this map and the Kundelan copper and gold AOI is shown on the index map provided on this map sheet. Prevalence of consanguineous marriages in west and south of Afghanistan. The present cross-sectional study was done in order to illustrate the prevalence and types of consanguineous marriages among other populations of Afghanistan.
There were significant differences between provinces for frequencies of different types of marriages pconsanguineous marriages, followed by second cousins There was significant difference between ethnic groups for the types of marriages pconsanguinity among ethnic groups in Afghanistan , respectively.
The present study shows that the Afghani populations, the same as other Islamic populations, have high levels of consanguinity.
The contamination of aquatic systems with heavy metals is affecting the fish population and hence results in a decline of productivity rate. River Kabul is a transcountry river originating at Paghman province in Afghanistan and inters in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan and it is the major source of irrigation and more than 54 fish species have been reported in the river. Present study aimed at the estimation of heavy metals load in the fish living in River Kabul.
Heavy metals including chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, and lead were determined through atomic absorption spectrophotometer after tissue digestion by adopting standard procedures. Concentrations of these metals were recorded in muscles and liver of five native fish species, namely, Wallago attu, Aorichthys seenghala, Cyprinus carpio, Labeo dyocheilus, and Ompok bimaculatus.
The concentrations of chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, and lead were higher in both of the tissues, whereas the concentration of cadmium was comparatively low. Hence, continuous fish consumption may create health problems for the consumers. The results of the present study are alarming and suggest implementing environmental laws and initiation of a biomonitoring program of the river.
Todd, Catherine S. Background Theoretical work posits that drug-related risk behaviour increases during armed conflict; however, few studies have been conducted in conflict settings.
The objective of this analysis is to determine whether conflict or local displacement impact risk behaviours among people who inject drugs PWID in Kabul , Afghanistan. Quarters with peak conflict or local displacement exposure were defined and associations with injecting drug use and sexual risk behaviours analysed with generalized estimating equations.
Programming should include instruction for coping with conflict and prepare clients for harm reduction needs during conflict. Determination of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in Staphylococcus aureus strains recovered from patients at two main health facilities in Kabul , Afghanistan.
Staphylococcus aureus S. Irresponsible and over use of antibiotics has led to an increased presence of multidrug resistant organisms and especially methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA as a major public health concern in Afghanistan. As a result, there are many infections with many of them undiagnosed or improperly diagnosed. Samples were collected from patients at two main Health facilities in Kabul between September and February Antibiotic susceptibility profiles were determined by the disc diffusion method and studied using standard CLSI protocols.
Out of strains of S. All strains were susceptible to vancomycin. In total, This mission will be led by a Medical assistance to civilians was an additional mission which included support for children who were war injured.
The objective of this study was to analyze characteristics of cephalic injuries in children victims of war trauma. A retrospective study was conducted and commenced with the hospital opening July to March on all children Afghanistan. Lack of protection helmet in children may explain the frequency of cephalic wounds.
Search for OIE-listed ruminant mycoplasma diseases in Afghanistan. Little is known about the occurrence of important diseases of ruminants in Afghanistan because of the conflict affecting the country over the last 40 years. Of the samples from 24 provinces tested for serological evidence of CBPP caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. Repeat testing of these suspect sera gave values below A smaller number of sera from cattle in nine provinces were also tested by the rapid latex agglutination test LAT for CBPP, 10 of which were considered suspect.
However, no positive bands were seen when immunoblotting was carried out on all sera that gave suspect results. Serological evidence of Mycoplasma bovis was detected in half of 28 herds in eight provinces. The data presented here provide a first assessment of the occurrence of the two OIE listed mycoplasma diseases in Afghanistan. From the results of the testing bovine sera from the majority of provinces there is no evidence of the presence of CBPP in Afghanistan.
However the samples tested represented only 0. Serological, but not bacterial, evidence was produced during this investigation to show that CCPP is highly likely to be present in parts of Afghanistan.
Afghanistan 's population: planning to avoid a crisis. Though the population of Afghanistan is exploding AID estimates net growth rate at 2. The family-planning situation in this developing nation is discussed. AFGA runs 6 clinics in Kabul and 13 in the provinces. AFGA family Guides talk of mothers about their health and their children's health and about the desirability and methods of spacing children.
In a pilot project several male Family Guides approach husbands with information about family planning. The Afghan government's family-planning program, scheduled to begin this year, has had its way paved by the work of the AFGA.
The government plans to establish basic health centers within 5 years. A case-control study of correlates of severe acute maternal morbidity in Kabul , Afghanistan. The present case-control study enrolled postpartum couples at four public maternity hospitals between September and December Eligibility was determined by: spousal consent; SAMM criteria from chart review for cases; and matching by age, parity, and time since previous delivery for controls uncomplicated deliveries.
Staff administered questionnaires to women and their husbands separately. SAMM correlates were analyzed with conditional logistic regression in models including proximate and excluding distal care factors.
Among case and control couples, the most frequent SAMM diagnoses were obstructed labor [ Planned home delivery and referral to multiple facilities or by providers are factors associated with SAMM that are potentially amenable to intervention in Afghanistan.
Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. Afghan migrant workers have returned from Iran, affecting the spending power of their families, and possibly con- tributing to higher unemployment. Organic petrology of subbituminous carbonaceous shale samples from Chalaw, Kabul Province , Afghanistan : Considerations for paleoenvironment and energy resource potential.
Hackley, Paul C. Geological Survey, N. The Chalaw deposit, approximately 30 km southeast of Kabul , currently is exploited for brick making and domestic heating and cooking.
Three multiple-bench channel samples of the mined bed at Chalaw were collected and evaluated. The presence of significant huminite ranging from 0. Measured reflectance values of 0. This rank suggests burial depths of approximately m and maximum temperatures of approximately 50 C.
Structured liptinite macerals generally are absent except for some fluorescing morphologies interpreted to be poorly-preserved root cork suberinite. Sponge spicule bioliths including gemmoscleres and megascleres are common. However, additional data are necessary to confirm this hypothesis and deposition in a freshwater environment cannot be ruled out at this time.
Commercial-scale development and utilization of the Chalaw deposit as a thermal fuel resource may be possible using a fluidized bed combustion system which could accept the low-quality mine product currently produced. Samples examined herein contain high-ash yield wt. The Akhundzadek clan dominated Flexibility and tempo are the. Why Is Afghanistan Important? As a former Peace Corps volunteer, avid traveler, classroom geography teacher, and writer, the author has been interested in Afghanistan for decades.
This study was designed to investigate selected road-dust associated heavy metals, their relations with natural and anthropogenic sources, and potential human and environmental health risks. For this purpose, 42 and 36 road-dusts samples were collected from Jalalabad and Kabul cities Afghanistan , respectively.
The potential ecological risk RI is mostly low; however, at some sites, the risk was considerable. The noncancerous risks of all metals and their integrated risks for all residents were within acceptable levels. Moreover, potential cancer risks in children from Ni and Cr were slightly higher than the US-EPA safe levels but were within acceptable levels for adults.
This study found higher risks to children and therefore recommends proper management and ways to control metals pollution load in these areas to decrease human health and RIs.
Polymetamorphic evolution of the granulite-facies Paleoproterozoic basement of the Kabul Block, Afghanistan.
The Kabul Block is an elongate crustal fragment which cuts across the Afghan Central Blocks, adjoining the Indian and Eurasian continents. Bounded by major strike slip faults and ophiolitic material thrust onto either side, the block contains a strongly metamorphosed basement consisting of some of the only quantifiably Proterozoic rocks south of the Herat-Panjshir Suture Zone. The basement rocks crop-out extensively in the vicinity of Kabul City and consist predominantly of migmatites, gneisses, schists and small amounts of higher-grade granulite-facies rocks.
Granulite-facies assemblages were identified in felsic and mafic siliceous rocks as well as impure carbonates. Granulite-facies conditions are recorded by the presence of orthopyroxene overgrowing biotite in felsic rocks; by orthopyroxene overgrowing amphibole in mafic rocks and by the presence of olivine and clinohumite in the marbles. The granulite-facies assemblages are overprinted by a younger amphibolite-facies event that is characterized by the growth of garnet at the expense of the granulite-facies phases.
The younger, amphibolite-facies event shows moderately higher pressures of up to 8. This metamorphism likely corresponds to the dominant metamorphic event within the basement of the Kabul Block. The results of this work are combined with the litho-stratigraphic relations and recent geochronological dating to analyze envisaged Paleoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic metamorphic events in the Kabul Block.
He also was reportedly pivotal in reaching The other was a grenade attack on the well-guarded Kabul International Airport. Status of insecticide resistance in high-risk malaria provinces in Afghanistan. Insecticide resistance seriously threatens the efficacy of vector control interventions in malaria endemic countries. In Afghanistan , the status of insecticide resistance is largely unknown while distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets has intensified in recent years. The main objective of this study was thus to measure the level of resistance to four classes of insecticides in provinces with medium to high risk of malaria transmission.
Adult female mosquitoes were reared from larvae successively collected in the provinces of Nangarhar, Kunar, Badakhshan, Ghazni and Laghman from August to October In addition, the presence of kdr mutations was investigated in deltamethrin resistant and susceptible Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes collected in the eastern provinces of Nangarhar and Kunar. Analyses of mortality rates revealed emerging resistance against all four classes of insecticides in the provinces located east and south of the Hindu Kush mountain range.
Resistance is observed in both An. Anopheles superpictus in the northern province of Badakhshan shows a different pattern of susceptibility with suspected resistance observed only for deltamethrin and bendiocarb. Genotype analysis of knock down resistance kdr mutations at the voltage-gated channel gene from An. However, a significant fraction of deltamethrin-resistant mosquitoes were homozygous for the L wild type allele indicating that other mechanisms must be considered to account for the observed pyrethroid resistance.
This study confirms the importance of monitoring insecticide resistance for the development of an integrated vector management in Afghanistan.
Heavy metal and microbial loads in sewage irrigated vegetables of Kabul , Afghanistan. Full Text Available Little is known about the heavy metal and microbial contamination of vegetables produced in Central Asian cities. We therefore measured the concentration of cadmium Cd, copper Cu, lead Pb, and zinc Zn and of faecal pathogens Coliform bacteria, Salmonella sp. Enterobius vermicularis] in soil, irrigation water, and marketed vegetables of Kabul City, Afghanistan.
The tissue concentration of Cu was below threshold limits in all samples except for spinach in one farm. Above-threshold loads of microbes and parasites on vegetables were found in five out of six gardens with coliforms ranging from 0. Contamination with 0. Enterobius vermicularis ranging from 0. The heavy metal and microbial loads on fresh UPA vegetables are likely the result of contamination from rising traffic, residues of the past decades of war and lacking treatment of sewage which needs urgent attention.
The Welayati Formation, consisting of alternating layers of mica-schist and quartzite with lenses of amphibolite, unconformably overlies the Neoarchean Sherdarwaza Formation of the Kabul Block that underwent Paleoproterozoic granulite-facies and Neoproterozoic amphibolite-facies metamorphic events. To analyze metamorphic history of the Welayati Formation and its relations to the underlying Sherdarwaza Formation, petrographic study and pressure-temperature P-T pseudosection modeling were applied to staurolite- and kyanite-bearing mica-schists, which crop out to the south of Kabul City.
Prograde metamorphism, identified by inclusion trails and chemical zonation in garnet from the micaschists indicates that the rocks underwent burial from around 6. Decompression from peak pressures under isothermal or moderate heating conditions are indicated by formation of biotite and plagioclase porphyroblasts which cross-cut and overgrow the dominant foliation.
The results of this study indicate a single amphibolite-facies metamorphism that based on P-T conditions and age dating correlates well with the Neoproterozoic metamorphism in the underlying Sherdarwaza Formation. The rocks lack any paragenetic evidence for a preceding granulite-facies overprint or subsequent Paleozoic metamorphism. Owing to the position of the Kabul Block, within the India-Eurasia collision zone, partial replacement of the amphibolite-facies minerals in the micaschist could, in addition to retrogression of the Neoproterozoic metamorphism, relate to deformation associated with the Alpine orogeny.
This map was produced from several larger digital datasets. Gaps in the original dataset were filled with data digitized from contours on ,scale Soviet General Staff Sheets Contours were generated by cubic convolution averaged over four pixels using TNTmips surface-modeling capabilities. Minor artifacts resulting from the auto-contouring technique are present.
Flow paths were limited in number by their Horton value on a quadrangle-by-quadrangle basis. Peak elevations were averaged over an area measuring 85 m by 85 m represented by one pixel , and they are slightly lower than the highest corresponding point on the ground.
Because cultural features were not derived from the SRTM base, they do not match it precisely. Province boundaries are not exactly located.
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