In , the Soyot language was introduced in the primary school grades. The region is inhabited by a number of peoples, some of them quite numerous, like the Uzbek or the Kazakh. In , the Arabic script was banned and the Latin alphabet was imposed for writing Kazakh.
The Latin alphabet was in turn replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet in Uyghur is another Turkic language, with about 10 million speakers mainly in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China, and also in Afghanistan. The Uyghur Cyrillic alphabet was devised around in the Soviet Union, because they wanted an alternative to the Latin-derived alphabet they had devised some eleven years earlier, in , as they feared a romanization of the Uyghur language would strengthen the relationship of the Uyghurs to Turkey.
The Cyrillic script continued to be used in the Soviet Union, however, and is currently used in Kazakhstan. Dungan is a variety of Chinese spoken in Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, and written in Cyrillic letters.
There are approximately 50 speakers. A Cyrillic alphabet for the Daur people in China was invented and used for two years: from to , when it was abandoned, like the Uyghur one. In Pamir, there are a number of small peoples of Indo-Iranian origin, too. Of course, various letter s characteristic only of the local alphabets , are used in all Caucasian and Asian Cyrillic alphabets.
The Cyrillic script is used a lso by the Gagauz and in some dialects of the Romani Gipsy language in Bulgaria, as well as in Serbia and Russia. In the past, even the Ladino Judaeo-Spanish speakers in Bulgarian used it. The back cover with the phrase Be happy! In , the Serbo-Croat-Slovene Kingdom was created, and in , its name was changed to Yugoslavia.
In , linguists and scholars signed the Novi Sad Literary Agreement, which made the Latin and the Cyrillic scripts equally acceptable in the country. However, only the Serbs used both alphabets in fact, while the Croats and the Bosnians preferred the Latin one. Albanians in Yugoslavia who were educated in Serbian schools used Cyrillic letters to communicate in Albanian during the 20th century. However, this was restricted to vulgar usage only. Yugoslavia finally fell apart in , and several Slavic states replaced it: Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, Macedonia.
Nowadays, the Cyrillic alphabet is used in the following of these countries: Macedonia, Serbia alongside with the Latin alphabet , Bosnia and Herzegovina informally , Montenegro alongside with the Latin alphabet.
The standard Macedonian orthography appeared in on the pages of New Macedonia newspaper. Many rulers have tried to forbid the Cyrillic alphabet, in different times and in different states.
Ante Pavelich did the same in Croatia, in In , the Soviet Union fell apart, and many people from the Caucasus and Middle Asia replaced the Cyrillic letters with Latin or some other alphabets: the Azeri , the Chechen , the Uzbek , the Turkmens The Assirian Cyrillic alphabet, introduced in the s, was replaced with the Latin one only ten years later one of the few such examples.
Since Bel o rus sia gained independence in , efforts have been made to revive writing in the Latin alphabet. One major problem is that nobody can agree on a spelling system. Recently as part of a modernization program, the government of Kazakhstan has stated plans to replace the Cyrillic alphabet with the Latin script.
Currently the costs and consequences of such a move are being investigated. Today, although Mongolian is still written using the Cyrillic alphabet , an official reintroduction of the old script was planned for , but has not yet taken place as older generations encountered practical difficulties. However, the traditional alphabet is being slowly reintroduced through schools.
Several years ago, even in Bulgaria the idea given by the Austrian Otto Kronsteiner of replacing the traditional Cyrillic alphabet was suggested. There are several small peoples in Russia, who could acquire neither the Latin, nor the Cyrillic script, although for some of them, there are grammar descriptions in Cyrillic: Yazgulyam, Bats, Budukh, Khwarshi, Enets by the way, in some sources, like Omniglot , some of them are also considered to be languages, using the Cyrillic alphabet.
Most of the Western scientist s use the Latin alphabet for transcribing Cyrillic sources in the bibliography of their works, and this is not professional. Imagine what would happen, if a scientist from Bulgaria or Russia cite d in the same way the titles he or she has used. Then , instead of Jacobson, S. It is difficult to say if some day the Cyrillic alphabet will be totally out of use. Nowadays, alongside with the use of the civil script in everyday life, and the use of the Medieval Cyrillic script in the Orthodox typography, we can see how the latter even penetrates the internet.
It started as an Internet slang language. The language is based on phonetic spelling of the Russian language and sometimes transliteration of Ukrainian language , and often uses profanity. It combines complex orthography with creative use of idioms and literary expression. It is often used to express disagreement, amusement, or to create political satire. A similar jargon existed among young people in Russia even in the 19 th century.
In one of his novels, Y. Another experimental innovation is the creation of artificial Slavic and non-Slavic languages, in the way Esperanto was created the Esperanto alphabet officially has only Latin version but, i n Soviet times, it was even printed in Cyrillic letters, because it was difficult to find type-writers with Latin letters.
Its purpose is to facilitate communication between representatives of different Slavic nations, as well as to allow people who don't know any Slavic language to communicate with Slavs.
For the latter, it can fulfill an educational role as well. Slovianski can be classified as a semi-artificial language with several hundred speakers. The vocabulary is based on the shared lexical foundation of the Slavic languages. As of October , Slovio had over 44, words. George Boeree of Shippensburg University , Pennsylvania. The grammar is highly reduced and similar to the Romance creoles. The language has phonemic spelling, using 22 letters of either the Latin or Cyrillic scripts.
There were four types of medieval hand-written Cyrillic script: uncial , semi-uncial , quickscript , and vjaz embroidery style , between which were transitional stages. These scripts could use either only capital letters majuscules , or only small letters minuscules , besides the calligraphic letters like the letter K in the picture below. The oldest script was the uncial - a majuscule script, written entirely in capital letters, commonly used from the 3rd to 8th centuries AD by Latin and Greek scribes.
The Slavic uncial derived from the Greek majuscule of the 9 th century AD. In the 12 th century popular uncial scripts appeared, and the majuscule Italic script was invented for writing notes, signatures, etc. The Slavic uncial script developed into another majuscule script - the semi-uncial , which later became the basis for the typographical pre-civil Cyrillic script. In the 15 th century, it totally replaced the uncial.
The quickscript sometimes called italic or cursive , and more precisely, semi-cursive developed from the semi-uncial in the 14 th century, and first, it was used as administrative writing. Calligraphy developed out of it and later 19 th century , the modern hand-written script, which is taught at schools, when no intervals were left between the letters. This hand-written style is the most diverse, and the least researched of the scripts.
For example, in the 19 th century, in Bulgaria, there were three types of quickscript: a Church Slavonic type, a Greek type, and a Russian semi-cursive type. The vjaz or embroidery style is a kind of writing, in which the letters stay close to each other, and get connected into a continuous ornament. Although Gutenberg had as model only hand-written scripts, his first typographic scripts looked different from the old hand-written letters.
During the Renaissance period the second half of the 15th century , attempts began to design scripts with pair of compasses and a ruler. Since then, a lot of scripts have been created, not only typographic, but also cartographic, placard, decorative, etc. One of the first typographs, who made new printing scripts, in the 15 th century, were Aldus Manutius, Claude Garamond, etc.
The Russian semi-uncial was used in religious and secular literature till , when the civil script was invented for the laic books, and the typographic semi-uncial was identified for the religious works only.
Between , he worked with the Dutch Yan Tessing in publishing Slavic books, and in , he opened his own typography in Amsterdam. The Cyrillic typography passed directly from the medieval stage to the late Baroque , without a Renaissance phase as in Western Europe: New Roman cursive , also called minuscule cursive or later Roman cursive , developed from old Roman cursive, and later evolved into the medieval script known as Carolingian minuscule, which was used in 9th century France and Germany in the imperial chancery, and whose revival in the Renaissance by Petrarca and other writers forms the basis of the modern Latin lowercase letters, which Peter I the Great took as a model for the civil script.
Peter I the Great only legalized this practice. The westernized letter forms which he mandated to be used in the early 18th century, were largely adopted in the other languages that use the script.
Thus, unlike the majority of Modern Greek fonts modern Cyrillic fonts are much the same as modern Latin fonts of the same font family. The modern typographic cursive originated from the hand-written minuscule cursive.
Since it was very typical for Italy during the Renaissance, in France and England it was called italic script , unlike the upright roman script. The cursive variant of the typographic civil script has been used since for the first time — in the newspaper Sankt Petersburg News.
The form of the typographic cursive first was similar to the hand-written cursive but with time it changed under the influence of the roman script. Gothic Style Cyrillic script Source: Wikipedia. Statute of Lithuania of in Ruthenian Source: Wikipedia. In Serbian, as well as in Macedonian, some italic and cursive letters are different from those used in other languages.
Nowadays, the design of new Cyrillic scripts is going on. Throughout the world, there are competitions on designing scripts.
One of them, the Granshan competition, was initiated by the Ministry of Culture of Armenia in and received woldwide popularity.
Later, Indic and Arabic text typeface categories were included in the competition. In addition, an international triennial of stage poster was held in Sofia, Bulgaria, in The development of some Cyrillic computer typefaces from Latin ones has also contributed to the visual Latinization of Cyrillic type.
Modern Cyrillic fonts, as well as Latin ones, have roman upright type and italic or cursive type. A special system, called Unicode is used for facilitating computer writing in Cyrillic and other scripts, as well. It is a computing industry standard for the consistent encoding, representation and handling of text, expressed in most of the world's writing systems. Developed in conjunction with the Universal Character Set standard, and published in book form as The Unicode Standard , the latest version of Unicode consists of a repertoire of more than characters covering scripts.
Albanian alphabet. Aleut Gospel. Appendix: Cyrillic Script. Belarusian alphabet. Birch Bark Document. Birch Bark L etter no. Bosnian Cyrillic. Carolingian minuscule. Church Slavonic language. Congress Poland. Constantine of Kostenets. Cyrillic Digraphs. Cyrillic Script. Danube script. Dontchev, S. In: Balkan Media.
The First Media Magazine of the Balkans. Dzurova, A. Die Botschaften der Kyrilliza. Evtimiy of Tarnovo. Francysk Skaryna. Granshan Hamm, J. Staroslavenska gramatika. History of the Poljica Principality.
Hungarian Cyrillic. Jacobson, S. A Practical Grammar of the St. Karaim language. Karelian language. Komi-Zyrian language. Languages written in a Cyrillic Alphabet. Lingua Franca Nova. The languages of the world. List of Cyrillic letters.
Maiyer, V. Russian Orthodox Missions to the East. Meskhetian Turks. Milev, R. Moldovan language. Based on the Greek ceremonial script, the original Cyrillic alphabet included the 24 letters of the Greek alphabet and 19 letters for sounds specific to the Slavic language. The Cyrillic alphabet has gone through many reforms in both Russia and other countries. In Russia, the first reformer of the Cyrillic was printer and publisher Ivan Fyodorov.
Most reforms saw the number of letters decrease and the simplicity of their inscription increase. The Cyrillic alphabet achieved its current form in during the reign of Peter the Great. He introduced lower case characters before all letters were written with capital letters and mandated the use of westernized letter forms, making the modern Cyrillic similar to the modern Latin font. Be part of our community and have your creative climax one font at a time.
It is composed of parchment folios; the first are written in Glagolitic. It is dated back to the end of the 10th or beginning of the 11th century. This page features the Cyrillic alphabet.
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