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Xylem transports water and mineral salts from the roots up to other parts of the plant, while phloem transports sucrose and amino acids between the leaves and other parts of the plant. This table explains what is transported by the xylem and phloem:.
Mature xylem consists of elongated dead cells, arranged end to end to form continuous vessels tubes. The cells that make up the phloem are adapted to their function:. Plant transport tissues - xylem and phloem Xylem The xylem transports water and minerals from the roots up the plant stem and into the leaves. Vessels: Lose their end walls so the xylem forms a continuous, hollow tube. Become strengthened by a chemical called lignin.
The cells are no longer alive. Lignin gives strength and support to the plant. Small perforations between vessel elements reduce the number and size of gas bubbles that can form via a process called cavitation. The formation of gas bubbles in xylem interrupts the continuous stream of water from the base to the top of the plant, causing a break termed an embolism in the flow of xylem sap. The taller the tree, the greater the tension forces needed to pull water, and the more cavitation events.
In larger trees, the resulting embolisms can plug xylem vessels, making them non-functional. This video provides an overview of the different processes that cause water to move throughout a plant use this link to watch this video on YouTube , if it does not play from the embedded video :. The atmosphere to which the leaf is exposed drives transpiration, but also causes massive water loss from the plant. Up to 90 percent of the water taken up by roots may be lost through transpiration.
Leaves are covered by a waxy cuticle on the outer surface that prevents the loss of water. Regulation of transpiration, therefore, is achieved primarily through the opening and closing of stomata on the leaf surface. Stomata are surrounded by two specialized cells called guard cells, which open and close in response to environmental cues such as light intensity and quality, leaf water status, and carbon dioxide concentrations.
Stomata must open to allow air containing carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse into the leaf for photosynthesis and respiration. When stomata are open, however, water vapor is lost to the external environment, increasing the rate of transpiration. Therefore, plants must maintain a balance between efficient photosynthesis and water loss. Plants have evolved over time to adapt to their local environment and reduce transpiration.
Desert plant xerophytes and plants that grow on other plants epiphytes have limited access to water. Such plants usually have a much thicker waxy cuticle than those growing in more moderate, well-watered environments mesophytes. Aquatic plants hydrophytes also have their own set of anatomical and morphological leaf adaptations. Trichomes are specialized hair-like epidermal cells that secrete oils and substances.
These adaptations impede air flow across the stomatal pore and reduce transpiration. Multiple epidermal layers are also commonly found in these types of plants. It is the faith that it is the privilege of man to learn to understand, and that this is his mission. Organismal Biology. Skip to content.
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